Displaying 48176 - 48200 of 58160 recommendations found
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State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:National ReportIssue:
- HIV and AIDS
Type:Review DocumentationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:N/AContents:Saint Kitts and Nevis will continue to work hard to achieve the 90-90-90 treatment for all targets, namely (i) 90% of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status; (ii) 90% of all people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy; and (iii) 90% of all people receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral suppression. [Para 53] -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:UN CompilationIssue:
- Sexual and / or reproductive rights and / or health broadly
Type:Review DocumentationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:Reference AddressedContents:The United Nations subregional team further recommended that Saint Kitts and Nevis enact legislation to guarantee that access to sexual and reproductive health services without restrictions in terms of age, marital status and third-party authorization requirements – in line with Sustainable Development Goal 5, indicator 5.6.2 – or at the minimum, to formally recognize the Gillick competency test in the country’s legislative and policy frameworks. [Para 17]
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State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:UruguayUruguayRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASOEIIssue:
- Sexual exploitation / slavery
- International human rights instruments
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Ratify/adhere to the international instruments to which it is not yet a party, such as ICCPR [...]; ICESCR; [...]; and the Optional Protocols to CRC.ExplanationWith regard to ratification of human rights instruments, the delegation indicated that Saint Kitts and Nevis had approached the consideration of the recommendations in a realistic manner, committing only to those actions that were within its ability and competence to implement and maintain. The delegation also stated that Saint Kitts and Nevis could not commit, in the short term, to signing and ratifying new treaties without undertaking a meticulous assessment of the resources essential to fulfilling its obligations under them.
The work on this aspect of the human rights framework had already commenced. As a part of this process, the Special Committee on Conventions and Treaties would consider these matters and make recommendations to the Cabinet. Notwithstanding that Saint Kitts and Nevis was not yet a Party to all of the instruments, it continued to adopt best practices, and remained committed to the ideals of the Conventions.ImplementationUN Compilation:
Para 1) The United Nations subregional team for Barbados and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) noted that, during the 2011 universal periodic review of Saint Kitts and Nevis, the country received numerous recommendations to ratify or accede to various international human rights treaties and that, although Saint Kitts and Nevis accepted some of those recommendations, it had not ratified any additional core United Nations international human rights treaties.
Para 2) OECS encouraged Saint Kitts and Nevis to accede to all core United Nations human rights instruments as soon as possible, in accordance with the recommendations issued in the 2011 universal periodic review. It indicated that the Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis had not yet acceded to OP-CRC-SC, although this recommendation had been accepted during the 2011 universal periodic review.
Stakeholder Summary:
Para 1) Amnesty International (AI) stated that during its first Universal Periodic Review (UPR) in January 2011, Saint Kitts and Nevis had accepted recommendations to consider the ratification of the ... OP-CRC-SC ... and to review national legislation to ensure compliance with the principles and provisions of the Convention. AI highlighted that despite this commitment, at the time of writing, Saint Kitts and Nevis had not yet ratified these Optional Protocols.
Para 2) AI stated that in its first review, Saint Kitts and Nevis had not expressed a clear position on recommendations to consider signing and ratifying a number of core international human rights standards, including ICESCR ... AI asserted that the government had taken no action in this respect, and that the ratification of these treaties was still outstanding. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:UN CompilationIssue:
- Sexual abuse
- Other
Type:Review DocumentationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:NeglectedContents:Introduce a comprehensive system of data collection incorporating [...] children born out of wedlock, sexually abused children and institutionalized children. [Para 6; CRC] -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:SpainSpainRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupEUOEIIssue:
- Sexual abuse
- Sexual violence
- Women's and / or girls' rights
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Adequately sanction with severe penalties crimes of rape and sexual abuse; establish specialized courts in this area; set up support and counselling services for victims; and design a national awareness-raising programme to facilitate access to justice to women and childrenExplanationThe Offences against the Persons Act criminalized acts of rape and sexual abuse. The Counseling Department of the Ministry of Health, Social and Community Services and Gender Affairs provided support and counseling for victims of crimeImplementationNational Report:
Para 75) The Government offers counselling to victims of abuse and trains police, nurses, guidance counsellors and other government employees on domestic and gender violence.
Para 76) The Department of Gender Affairs in collaboration with the Police he government carried out public campaigns against sexual violence, through churches and workplaces, on radio, and amongst civil society.
Para 92) The Domestic Violence Act 2014 enabled the Government through the Department of Gender Affairs to heighten awareness relating to teenage pregnancy, sexual education and violence against women and children.
Para 93) This legislation against child abuse, domestic violence classifies sexual violence, rape and incest as serious offences and establish appropriate penalties for the perpetrators, including relatives of the victim.
Para 101) Under the Offences Against the Person (Amendment) Act, 2012, rape is recognized as a criminal act, liable to penalties under the law. The maximum penalty for rape is life imprisonment.
Para 102) Apart from the criminal law legislation addressing the issue of abuse against children (including abuse of a sexual nature) new Child Protection legislation was passed to provide an additional layer of protection that was not previously available to children who were being physically and sexually abused.
Para 103) This new Act, was patterned on the model legislation drafted under the OECS Family Law Reform Project. It establishes a comprehensive scheme for all the critical stages of a child protection case, including legal provisions to address reporting and investigation of cases; devising plans of care; seeking legal redress by way of a range of possible orders and providing a selection of helpful interventions. This new law is a civil remedy that focuses on the protection of child victims, as opposed to the criminal law which focuses on the perpetrator's unlawful conduct. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:UN CompilationIssue:
- HIV and AIDS
Type:Review DocumentationSession:23rd session, November 2015Status:NeglectedContents:OECS considered that HIV appeared not to have reached significant levels in any key population that could be considered at high risk for HIV infection. Despite this, data on behavioural risk factors for HIV transmission and anecdotal information suggested that there was potential for higher prevalence among key populations for whom there was no seroprevalence data available yet.
PAHO stated that, while Saint Kitts and Nevis had made antiretroviral therapy available free of cost, it still relied on external financing sources to fund antiretroviral treatments, and there were substantial data gaps that might hinder effective monitoring of progress and programme management. [Paras 44, 45] -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:CubaCubaRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASOEIACSIssue:
- Gender equality
Type:RecommendationSession:23rd session, November 2015Status:AcceptedContents:Continue to fully implement the Equal Pay Act in order to ensure equal remuneration for men and women.ImplementationNational Report:
Para 30) The Ministry of Labour records no outstanding issues as at 2019, as it relates to cases of inequalities in Pay. The Equal Pay Act 2012 guides the occasional handling of these matters, in addition to the ongoing data collection to track and monitor cases of this nature. The Ministry of Labour is committed to strengthening its efforts in raising awareness to the Equal Pay Act.
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State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:United StatesUnited StatesRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupOASIssue:
- Violence against women / gender-based violence
Type:RecommendationSession:23rd session, November 2015Status:AcceptedContents:Strengthen efforts to raise awareness about violence against women and children.ExplanationFunding has been received from the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives for sensitization training for men on gender based violence. Training commenced on February 15th 2016 at Her Majesty's Prison and a second training will be conducted in the community. Funds will also be used for production of Public Service Announcement (PSAs).ImplementationNational Report:
Para 45) Saint Kitts and Nevis is also an avid participant of the annual 16-day campaign on Violence against Women and Girls. The 16-Day Campaign which was observed in the Federation from November 25 to December 10, 2019 was designed to demonstrate solidarity with survivors of domestic and gender-based violence, raise awareness, prevent the occurrence wherever possible, and advocate for relief and justice for the victims.
Para 47) Different public campaigns were also lead by the Ministry of Gender Affairs which featured primarily on popular call-in radio programmes. Guest panelists included staff from the Special Victims Unit of the Royal Saint Christopher and Nevis Police Force, and the National Men’s Council.
Para 48) Collaboration with the Ministry of Education resulted in the involvement of primary school children in public service announcements to condemn domestic violence and promote a kinder, gentler society; and secondary school children in public awareness raising activities, such as marches and street theatre.
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State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:SpainSpainRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupEUOEIIssue:
- Sexual exploitation / slavery
- International human rights instruments
Type:RecommendationSession:23rd session, November 2015Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Proceed to the signature and ratification of the main international human rights instruments that has not already signed and ratified, including the ... OP-CRC-SC ... whose signature and ratification was itself accepted in the previous review.ExplanationIt cannot be overly emphasized how firmly committed we are to adhering to international standards in relation to human rights. It must be reiterated that lack of adequate resources, both human and financial, often stymies responses deemed to be necessary by the international community.ImplementationNational Report:
Para 13) The ratification of the OPs to the CRC is currently under discussion by the government. A review of our legislation was conducted several years ago, and, it was noted that some elements of the legislation would require adjustment as it relates to the OP on children in armed conflict. This is currently being reviewed and the government will consider signing the OPs and declare any possible reservations with regard to children in armed conflict.
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State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:ChileChileRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASOEIIssue:
- Discrimination based on sexual orientation
- Discrimination based on gender identity
- Criminal laws on same-sex sexual practices
Type:RecommendationSession:23rd session, November 2015Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Remove any rule criminalizing sexual relations between consenting adults of the same sex, and include sexual orientation and gender identity as unlawful grounds of discrimination in all areas.ExplanationNoted.ImplementationUN Compilation:
Para 8) Although the Government did not support universal periodic review recommendations associated with LGBTQI rights, Saint Kitts and Nevis has shown some openness to dialogue on the issue.
Stakeholder Summary:
Para 7) HRW stressed that Saint Kitts and Nevis did not have any comprehensive laws that prohibited discrimination on grounds of gender identity and sexual orientation, including in the employment, housing, access to education, and health care contexts. In this lacking legal context, discrimination against LGBT people seeped into everyday activities, whether it was availing of services such as health care, school, or riding a bus, or social activities such as going to the movies or shopping. Discrimination in the workplace can also occur. Notably, LGBT persons who faced discrimination in any sector lacked any legal avenue to seek redress for themselves or accountability for perpetrators.
Para 9) JAI reiterated that international human rights law customarily protected the right to privacy and the right to be protected against arbitrary and unlawful attacks on or interference with one’s private and family life. One’s reputation or dignity are also protected. International human rights law further establishes that matters of sexual orientation and gender identity are protected by the right to privacy and the right to be protected against arbitrary and unlawful interference with, or attacks on, one’s private and family life and one’s reputation or dignity. By criminalizing same-sex activity in the penal code, Saint Kitts and Nevis violates these international obligations. Saint Kitts and Nevis are also members states to the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), which strives to increase human rights protections in the region.
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State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:Stakeholder SummaryIssue:
- Sexuality education
- Discrimination based on sexual orientation
- Discrimination based on gender identity
Type:Review DocumentationSession:23rd session, November 2015Status:NeglectedContents:JS2 also recommended that Saint Kitts and Nevis raise public awareness regarding non- discrimination of LGBT persons and include sexual orientation as part of the curriculum in Health and Family Life Education for schools. [Para 13] -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:UruguayUruguayRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASOEIIssue:
- Women's and / or girls' rights
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Carry forward a national awareness-raising campaign which includes mechanisms to facilitate the access of women to justice, the establishment of specialized courts, comprehensive care services for victims and national programmes to combat stereotyping of women and girls, including at the level of formal and informal education.ExplanationWith regard to the rights of women and children, the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis would seek to strengthen those entities responsible for the promotion of the rights of women and children by adopting practical advances in these areas. Through various pieces of legislation, the Departments of Gender Affairs and Labour had sought to set appropriate standards for the treatment of women and continued to ensure that the laws relating to the promotion of their protection were fully implemented. The Department of Probation and Child Protection Services was one of the government's principal arms for ensuring that the rights of children were safeguarded, especially with respect to those minors in need of care and protection, those in conflict with the law, as well as matters of foster care, adoption and related issues. The Offences against the Persons Act criminalized acts of rape and sexual abuse. The Counseling Department of the Ministry of Health, Social and Community Services and Gender Affairs provided support and counseling for victims of crime -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:MoroccoMoroccoRegional groupAfrica GroupPolitical groupOICALOIFIssue:
- HIV and AIDS
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:AcceptedContents:Continue implementing the recommendations resulting from the Champions for Change Conference on HIV/AIDS, organized by the Caribbean Community and the United Kingdom, by seeking the necessary technical assistance to this end from the international community. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:Costa RicaCosta RicaRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASOEIACSIssue:
- International human rights instruments
Type:RecommendationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Ratify the OPs to the CRC, and to the CRPD, as well as the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.ExplanationNoted. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:IrelandIrelandRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupEUIssue:
- International human rights instruments
Type:RecommendationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Accede to the ICCPR and the ICESCR..ExplanationNoted. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:CanadaCanadaRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupOASOIFCommonwealthIssue:
- Criminal laws on same-sex sexual practices
- Rights of same-sex desiring persons
Type:RecommendationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Decriminalize consensual same-sex sexual relations.ExplanationNoted. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:National ReportIssue:
- HIV and AIDS
Type:Review DocumentationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:N/AContents:"Interventions targeted at “most at risk but hard to reach populations” such as men
who have sex with men and commercial sex workers are necessary. The national expanded
response to HIV/AIDS has built partnerships with regional HIV/AIDS organizations to
reach men who have sex with men and commercial sex workers with prevention
interventions. One successful intervention has been the Community Animator Programme
that uses peer educators to teach risk reduction methods and distribute supplies. [Para 43]" -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:LuxembourgLuxembourgRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupEUOIFIssue:
- Sexual and / or reproductive rights and / or health broadly
Type:RecommendationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Adopt national legislation to ensure access for all people to sexual and reproductive health services.ExplanationNoted. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:UN CompilationIssue:
- Gender equality
Type:Review DocumentationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:Reference AddressedContents:"In 2010, the ILO Committee of Experts indicated that a draft Equal Pay Act did not reflect the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value and urged the Government to ensure that the legislation would include an explicit reference to this principle to be in full compliance with the Equal Remuneration Convention (No.
100). [Para 28]" -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:GeorgiaGeorgiaRegional groupEEGIssue:
- International human rights instruments
Type:RecommendationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:AcceptedContents:Take further steps towards ratification of the OPs to the CRC. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:JamaicaJamaicaRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthIssue:
- Gender equality
- Gender perspective in policies, programmes
Type:RecommendationSession:37th Session, January 2021Status:AcceptedContents:Intensify ongoing action towards the completion of a national Gender Policy. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:FranceFranceRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupEUOIFIssue:
- Criminal laws on same-sex sexual practices
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Repeal provisions in national law, notably sections 56 and 57 of the Offences against Persons Act, which criminalize sexual relations between consenting adults of the same sex.ExplanationAs for discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, the delegation indicated that Chapter II of its Constitution prohibited discrimination against any person on the grounds of race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, and, as such, any person who was of the view that his or her rights had been violated could, at any time, seek redress before the Court. Moreover, there were no challenges to any existing legislation before its courts on the grounds of sexual discrimination. Should any legislation be challenged on such grounds, and if held to be unconstitutional by the Court, the Government would have to be guided by such a ruling.
The delegation emphasized that the Government regarded seriously its commitment to protect all members of society from discrimination regardless of sexual orientation. Notwithstanding the above, the State believed that this was an important issue and would continue to engage the public through a consultative process.ImplementationUN Compilation:
Para 15) The subregional team stated that societal negative attitudes towards the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community impeded the operation of organizations working for such individuals and their free association. It asserted that public discourse on the rights of such individuals indicated that there remained strong sentiment against homosexuality and gay marriage, and reported that the former Prime Minister had publicly advocated a review of the country's anti-sodomy laws and tolerance for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals
Stakeholder Summary
Para 10) JS2 reported that during the 2011 review, despite several recommendations made to decriminalize consensual same sex relations, Saint Kitts and Nevis stated that a popular "mandate" was necessary for state protection of the rights of sexual minorities, and that continued criminalization of consensual sex under sections 56 and 57 of the Offences against the Person Act was justified because of "strong opposition" by citizens to repeal these laws. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:FranceFranceRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupEUOIFIssue:
- International human rights instruments
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:Unclear ResponseContents:Adhere to the fundamental international human rights instruments, in particular to ICCPR, ICESCR and CAT.ExplanationWith regard to ratification of human rights instruments, the delegation indicated that Saint Kitts and Nevis had approached the consideration of the recommendations in a realistic manner, committing only to those actions that were within its ability and competence to implement and maintain. The delegation also stated that Saint Kitts and Nevis could not commit, in the short term, to signing and ratifying new treaties without undertaking a meticulous assessment of the resources essential to fulfilling its obligations under them.
The work on this aspect of the human rights framework had already commenced. As a part of this process, the Special Committee on Conventions and Treaties would consider these matters and make recommendations to the Cabinet. Notwithstanding that Saint Kitts and Nevis was not yet a Party to all of the instruments, it continued to adopt best practices, and remained committed to the ideals of the Conventions.ImplementationUN Compilation:
Para 1) The United Nations subregional team for Barbados and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) noted that, during the 2011 universal periodic review of Saint Kitts and Nevis, the country received numerous recommendations to ratify or accede to various international human rights treaties and that, although Saint Kitts and Nevis accepted some of those recommendations, it had not ratified any additional core United Nations international human rights treaties.
Stakeholder Summary:
Para 2) AI stated that in its first review, Saint Kitts and Nevis had not expressed a clear position on recommendations to consider signing and ratifying a number of core international human rights standards, including ICESCR ... AI asserted that the government had taken no action in this respect, and that the ratification of these treaties was still outstanding. -
State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:TurkeyTurkeyRegional groupWEOGPolitical groupOICIssue:
- Gender equality
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:AcceptedContents:Introduce necessary measures in the field of anti-discrimination and equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value.ImplementationNational Report:
Para 97) [The Equal Pay Act 2012] defines equal pay as a rate or scale of remuneration for work in which there is no element of differentiation between male and female employees.
Para 98) It ensures equal pay for men and women in the workplace and makes it an offence for an employer or his or her agent not to comply with the law.
Para 99) Moreover, the Act makes a provision for the removal and prevention of discrimination based on the gender of the employee in paid employment, and to provide for related or incidental matters.
Para 100) It empowers a court to order the payment of arrears of remuneration against an employer who is convicted of such an offence.
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State Under Review:Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASACSCommonwealthSource Of Reference:UruguayUruguayRegional groupGRULACPolitical groupOASOEIIssue:
- Sexual violence
- Domestic violence
Type:RecommendationSession:10th session, February 2011Status:AcceptedContents:Formulate and adopt legislation against domestic violence which classifies sexual violence, rape and incest as serious offences and establish appropriate penalties for the perpetrators, especially when they are relatives of the victim.ImplementationNational Report:
Para 92) The Domestic Violence Act 2014 enabled the Government through the Department of Gender Affairs to heighten awareness relating to teenage pregnancy, sexual education and violence against women and children.
Para 93) This legislation against child abuse, domestic violence classifies sexual violence, rape and incest as serious offences and establish appropriate penalties for the perpetrators, including relatives of the victim.
Para 94) The Domestic Violence Act 2014 further enabled the Government to adopt policies and legislation to combat discrimination and violence against women and children, particularly domestic and sexual violence.
UN Compilation:
Para 20) The subregional team noted that the Government was currently debating an amended Domestic Violence Bill 2014, which had had a second reading before Parliament, but that its adoption was still pending.
Stakeholder Summary:
Para 28) JS2 stated that in August 2014 the government had sought to amend the Domestic Act now retitled "The Domestic Violence Bill" (2014) which was still in draft form, and mentioned that one of the key provisions of this bill was the promotion of e