UPR Sexual Rights Database

Search & Filters

Select one or more parameters to begin your search. You may also search by keyword at any time.

UN Member State that is reviewed on its human rights record as part of the UPR process.

Categories of the types of information used during reviews

Show advanced filters
Source of Reference

Recommending State

UN Member State or Permanent Observer making sexual rights related recommendations, comments or asking questions to the State under Review.

Review Documentation

Sources of information used as the basis for a State’s review.  Includes the State’s National Report, UN Compilation Report and a Stakeholder Summary.

UN Regional Group to which State under Review belongs.

UN Regional Group to which Recommending State belongs.

This will only match recommendations where the Source of Review is a State.

Implementation notes

State responses to recommendations and issues raised in the UN Compilation and Stakeholder summary.

Displaying 48076 - 48100 of 58160 recommendations found
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    National Report

    Issue:
    • HIV and AIDS
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    N/A
    Contents:
    "The Federation has been able to implement various aspects of its social protection programme for older persons through the provision of social insurance and social assistance programmes, including free access for seniors to health care and medication for chronic non-communicable and communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. [Para 73]"
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Morocco

    Morocco
    Regional group
    Africa Group
    Political group
    OIC
    AL
    OIF
    Issue:
    • HIV and AIDS
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Accepted
    Contents:
    Continue implementing the recommendations resulting from the Champions for Change Conference on HIV/AIDS, organized by the Caribbean Community and the United Kingdom, by seeking the necessary technical assistance to this end from the international community.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    France

    France
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    OIF
    Issue:
    • Criminal laws on same-sex sexual practices
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Repeal provisions in national law, notably sections 56 and 57 of the Offences against Persons Act, which criminalize sexual relations between consenting adults of the same sex.
    Explanation
    As for discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, the delegation indicated that Chapter II of its Constitution prohibited discrimination against any person on the grounds of race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, and, as such, any person who was of the view that his or her rights had been violated could, at any time, seek redress before the Court. Moreover, there were no challenges to any existing legislation before its courts on the grounds of sexual discrimination. Should any legislation be challenged on such grounds, and if held to be unconstitutional by the Court, the Government would have to be guided by such a ruling.

    The delegation emphasized that the Government regarded seriously its commitment to protect all members of society from discrimination regardless of sexual orientation. Notwithstanding the above, the State believed that this was an important issue and would continue to engage the public through a consultative process.
    Implementation
    UN Compilation:
    Para 15) The subregional team stated that societal negative attitudes towards the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community impeded the operation of organizations working for such individuals and their free association. It asserted that public discourse on the rights of such individuals indicated that there remained strong sentiment against homosexuality and gay marriage, and reported that the former Prime Minister had publicly advocated a review of the country's anti-sodomy laws and tolerance for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals

    Stakeholder Summary
    Para 10) JS2 reported that during the 2011 review, despite several recommendations made to decriminalize consensual same sex relations, Saint Kitts and Nevis stated that a popular "mandate" was necessary for state protection of the rights of sexual minorities, and that continued criminalization of consensual sex under sections 56 and 57 of the Offences against the Person Act was justified because of "strong opposition" by citizens to repeal these laws.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Stakeholder Summary

    Issue:
    • Gender equality
    • Women's participation
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    23rd session, November 2015
    Status:
    Reference Addressed
    Contents:
    Regarding discrimination against women, JS2 recommended that Saint Kitts and Nevis implement temporary special measures in order to increase participation by women in public and political life. [Para 14]
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    UN Compilation

    Issue:
    • Marginalized groups of women
    • Gender perspective in policies, programmes
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    23rd session, November 2015
    Status:
    Neglected
    Contents:
    Pay due attention to the gender-related dimensions of refugee status, asylum, nationality and statelessness of women, as set out in general recommendation No. 32 of the CEDAW. [Para 54; UNHCR]
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Costa Rica

    Costa Rica
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    OEI
    ACS
    Issue:
    • International human rights instruments
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Make efforts to ratify ICCPR and ICESCR.
    Explanation
    With regard to ratification of human rights instruments, the delegation indicated that Saint Kitts and Nevis had approached the consideration of the recommendations in a realistic manner, committing only to those actions that were within its ability and competence to implement and maintain. The delegation also stated that Saint Kitts and Nevis could not commit, in the short term, to signing and ratifying new treaties without undertaking a meticulous assessment of the resources essential to fulfilling its obligations under them.

    The work on this aspect of the human rights framework had already commenced. As a part of this process, the Special Committee on Conventions and Treaties would consider these matters and make recommendations to the Cabinet. Notwithstanding that Saint Kitts and Nevis was not yet a Party to all of the instruments, it continued to adopt best practices, and remained committed to the ideals of the Conventions.
    Implementation
    UN Compilation:
    Para 1) The United Nations subregional team for Barbados and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) noted that, during the 2011 universal periodic review of Saint Kitts and Nevis, the country received numerous recommendations to ratify or accede to various international human rights treaties and that, although Saint Kitts and Nevis accepted some of those recommendations, it had not ratified any additional core United Nations international human rights treaties.

    Stakeholder Summary:
    Para 2) AI stated that in its first review, Saint Kitts and Nevis had not expressed a clear position on recommendations to consider signing and ratifying a number of core international human rights standards, including ICESCR ... AI asserted that the government had taken no action in this respect, and that the ratification of these treaties was still outstanding.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Japan

    Japan
    Regional group
    Asia-Pacific Group
    Issue:
    • International human rights instruments
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Ratify the ICCPR and the ICESCR.
    Explanation
    Noted.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Portugal

    Portugal
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    OEI
    Issue:
    • Intersex persons' rights
    • Discrimination based on sexual orientation
    • Discrimination based on gender identity
    • Criminal laws on same-sex sexual practices
    • Rights of same-sex desiring persons
    • Transgender persons' rights
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Decriminalize consensual same-sex conduct and take concrete legal and policy measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against LGBTI persons.
    Explanation
    Noted.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Luxembourg

    Luxembourg
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    OIF
    Issue:
    • Early marriage
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Set the age of consent to marriage at 18, without exception.
    Explanation
    Noted.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Netherlands

    Netherlands
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    Issue:
    • Marital rape
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Amend the criminal law provisions regarding rape to include a specific provision on marital rape.
    Explanation
    Noted.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Senegal

    Senegal
    Regional group
    Africa Group
    Political group
    AU
    OIC
    OIF
    Issue:
    • Women's and / or girls' rights
    • Women's participation
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    Accepted
    Contents:
    Ensure greater representation of women in positions of responsibility and in political bodies, in particular in Parliament.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Japan

    Japan
    Regional group
    Asia-Pacific Group
    Issue:
    • Violence against women / gender-based violence
    • Women's and / or girls' rights
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    Accepted
    Contents:
    Take further measures to promote and protect women’s rights, including prevention of gender based violence.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Turkey

    Turkey
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    OIC
    Issue:
    • Gender equality
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Accepted
    Contents:
    Introduce necessary measures in the field of anti-discrimination and equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value.
    Implementation
    National Report:
    Para 97) [The Equal Pay Act 2012] defines equal pay as a rate or scale of remuneration for work in which there is no element of differentiation between male and female employees.

    Para 98) It ensures equal pay for men and women in the workplace and makes it an offence for an employer or his or her agent not to comply with the law.

    Para 99) Moreover, the Act makes a provision for the removal and prevention of discrimination based on the gender of the employee in paid employment, and to provide for related or incidental matters.

    Para 100) It empowers a court to order the payment of arrears of remuneration against an employer who is convicted of such an offence.

  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    National Report

    Issue:
    • HIV and AIDS
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    N/A
    Contents:
    The Ministry of Health undertook a situational analysis of its HIV/AIDS programme
    during the last quarter of 2018. This analysis will inform the development of a plan of
    action to guide interventions that would enable the Government to build on the gains made
    in these areas towards the 2030 reporting period. [Para 54]
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Stakeholder Summary

    Issue:
    • International human rights instruments
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    37th Session, January 2021
    Status:
    Reference Addressed
    Contents:
    Just Attonement Inc (JAI) recommended that Saint Kitts and Nevis sign, ratify, and implement the ICCPR, the ICESCR … [Para 5]
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Uruguay

    Uruguay
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    OEI
    Issue:
    • Sexual violence
    • Domestic violence
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Accepted
    Contents:
    Formulate and adopt legislation against domestic violence which classifies sexual violence, rape and incest as serious offences and establish appropriate penalties for the perpetrators, especially when they are relatives of the victim.
    Implementation
    National Report:
    Para 92) The Domestic Violence Act 2014 enabled the Government through the Department of Gender Affairs to heighten awareness relating to teenage pregnancy, sexual education and violence against women and children.

    Para 93) This legislation against child abuse, domestic violence classifies sexual violence, rape and incest as serious offences and establish appropriate penalties for the perpetrators, including relatives of the victim.

    Para 94) The Domestic Violence Act 2014 further enabled the Government to adopt policies and legislation to combat discrimination and violence against women and children, particularly domestic and sexual violence.

    UN Compilation:
    Para 20) The subregional team noted that the Government was currently debating an amended Domestic Violence Bill 2014, which had had a second reading before Parliament, but that its adoption was still pending.

    Stakeholder Summary:
    Para 28) JS2 stated that in August 2014 the government had sought to amend the Domestic Act now retitled "The Domestic Violence Bill" (2014) which was still in draft form, and mentioned that one of the key provisions of this bill was the promotion of e
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Germany

    Germany
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    Issue:
    • Sexual exploitation / slavery
    • International human rights instruments
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    23rd session, November 2015
    Status:
    Accepted
    Contents:
    Follow through with a recommendation accepted by Saint Kitts and Nevis during its previous universal periodic review to ratify ... OP-CRC-SC.
    Implementation
    National Report:
    Para 13) The ratification of the OPs to the CRC is currently under discussion by the government. A review of our legislation was conducted several years ago, and, it was noted that some elements of the legislation would require adjustment as it relates to the OP on children in armed conflict. This is currently being reviewed and the government will consider signing the OPs and declare any possible reservations with regard to children in armed conflict.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Canada

    Canada
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    OAS
    OIF
    Commonwealth
    Issue:
    • Sexual harassment
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    23rd session, November 2015
    Status:
    Accepted
    Contents:
    Amend the Protection of Employment Act to include a prohibition against sexual harassment in the workplace.
    Explanation
    The Director of Gender Affairs in the Ministry of Community Development, Gender Affairs and Social Services sits on special committee to review model Sexual Harassment Bill which will be presented to Heads of Government at CARICOM meeting shortly.
    Implementation
    National Report:
    Para 31) The Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis, under the Ministry of Labour, is committed to amend the Protection of Employment Act.1986 that would prohibit sexual harassment within the workplace, so allot proper adjudication and overall justice in matters of this nature. Additionally, the Ministry of Labour will seek to strengthen collaborations and consultations with the Department of Gender Affairs and the Royal Saint Christopher and Nevis Police Force (RSCNPF) as counterparts in administering justice.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    UN Compilation

    Issue:
    • Family planning
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Neglected
    Contents:
    Recommended that men be involved in the design and implementation of all family planning strategies, polities and programmes. [Para 32; CEDAW]
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    France

    France
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    OIF
    Issue:
    • International human rights instruments
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    23rd session, November 2015
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Accede to the fundamental international instruments on human rights, in particular the ICCPR, ICESCR, ...
    Explanation
    It cannot be overly emphasized how firmly committed we are to adhering to international standards in relation to human rights. It must be reiterated that lack of adequate resources, both human and financial, often stymies responses deemed to be necessary by the international community.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Montenegro

    Montenegro
    Regional group
    EEG
    Issue:
    • International human rights instruments
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    23rd session, November 2015
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Ratify the ICCPR ...
    Explanation
    It cannot be overly emphasized how firmly committed we are to adhering to international standards in relation to human rights. It must be reiterated that lack of adequate resources, both human and financial, often stymies responses deemed to be necessary by the international community.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Germany

    Germany
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    Issue:
    • Marital rape
    • Violence against women / gender-based violence
    • Sexual violence
    • Domestic violence
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    23rd session, November 2015
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Take legal and practical steps to protect women and children from domestic violence, for example by prohibiting corporal punishment of children and marital rape.
    Explanation
    The Domestic and Sexual Violence Complaints and Response Protocol has been completed and reviewed by legal drafter. The document has been transmitted for consideration and approval by the Cabinet during the month of March. This is one of the activities to mark International Women's Day.

    Funding has been received from the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives for sensitization training for men on gender based violence. Training commenced on February 15th 2016 at Her Majesty's Prison and a second training will be conducted in the community. Funds will also be used for production of Public Service Announcement (PSAs).
    Implementation
    National Report:
    Para 43) Domestic violence is the most common form of gender-based violence which predominantly affects women and girls. Within the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, several institutions and agencies are involved in providing service to victims of domestic violence, facilitating the report of incidents to the relevant authorities.
    Para 44) Through assistance from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), The Domestic Violence and Sexual Violence Complaints and Response Protocol was launched in November, 2018. The policy educates key stakeholders in the healthcare, education, childcare, social support, legal and criminal justice system sectors and provides guidelines for training on the appropriate procedures to follow when a crime of this nature materializes. It addresses first response procedures, best practices for law enforcement, emergency and medical services, social services, victim advocacy and legal action. The Department of Gender Affairs has held various sensitization workshops, consultations and panel discussions, aimed at increasing the awareness of stakeholders about this Response Protocol and its use throughout 2019. Para 45) Saint Kitts and Nevis is also an avid participant of the annual 16-day campaign on Violence against Women and Girls. The 16-Day Campaign which was observed in the Federation from November 25 to December 10, 2019 was designed to demonstrate solidarity with survivors of domestic and gender-based violence, raise awareness, prevent the occurrence wherever possible, and advocate for relief and justice for the victims.
    Para 46) In 2018, the Special Victims Unit (SVU) relocated to a more conducive, safe and comfortable space for victims to report incidents of sexual violence without fear of reprisals. In addition, the Department of Gender Affairs in partnership with several faith-based organisations, provide financial support and temporary shelters for victims of domestic violence who have no alternate housing solution. This rental allowance covers a period of three months.
    Para 47) Different public campaigns were also lead by the Ministry of Gender Affairs which featured primarily on popular call-in radio programmes. Guest panelists included staff from the Special Victims Unit of the Royal Saint Christopher and Nevis Police Force, and the National Men’s Council.
    Para 48) Collaboration with the Ministry of Education resulted in the involvement of primary school children in public service announcements to condemn domestic violence and promote a kinder, gentler society; and secondary school children in public awareness raising activities, such as marches and street theatre.
    Para 83) … the Ministry [of Social Services] has a directory of private lawyers who have indicated an interest in providing pro-bono services to victims of domestic violence.
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    National Report

    Issue:
    • Sexually transmitted infections
    • HIV and AIDS
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    N/A
    Contents:
    "While there has been some improvement, taboos regarding sex, sexuality and HIV
    are still prevalent and stigma and discrimination continue to be major barriers to accessing
    VCT, treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and seeking care and support for
    HIV infection. [Para 44]"
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    UN Compilation

    Issue:
    • Sexuality education
    Type:
    Review Documentation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Reference Addressed
    Contents:
    "CEDAW urged the State to intensify awareness–raising and sexual education aimed at responsible sexual behaviour in the schools and society at large in order to prevent pregnancies. [Para 32]"
  • State Under Review:

    Saint Kitts & Nevis

    Saint Kitts & Nevis
    Regional group
    GRULAC
    Political group
    OAS
    ACS
    Commonwealth
    Source Of Reference:

    Spain

    Spain
    Regional group
    WEOG
    Political group
    EU
    OEI
    Issue:
    • Criminal laws on same-sex sexual practices
    Type:
    Recommendation
    Session:
    10th session, February 2011
    Status:
    Unclear Response
    Contents:
    Repeal all provisions in its domestic legislation which criminalize sexual activity between consenting adults of the same sex.
    Explanation
    As for discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, the delegation indicated that Chapter II of its Constitution prohibited discrimination against any person on the grounds of race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, and, as such, any person who was of the view that his or her rights had been violated could, at any time, seek redress before the Court. Moreover, there were no challenges to any existing legislation before its courts on the grounds of sexual discrimination. Should any legislation be challenged on such grounds, and if held to be unconstitutional by the Court, the Government would have to be guided by such a ruling.

    The delegation emphasized that the Government regarded seriously its commitment to protect all members of society from discrimination regardless of sexual orientation. Notwithstanding the above, the State believed that this was an important issue and would continue to engage the public through a consultative process.
    Implementation
    UN Compilation:
    Para 15) The subregional team stated that societal negative attitudes towards the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community impeded the operation of organizations working for such individuals and their free association. It asserted that public discourse on the rights of such individuals indicated that there remained strong sentiment against homosexuality and gay marriage, and reported that the former Prime Minister had publicly advocated a review of the country's anti-sodomy laws and tolerance for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals

    Stakeholder Summary
    Para 10) JS2 reported that during the 2011 review, despite several recommendations made to decriminalize consensual same sex relations, Saint Kitts and Nevis stated that a popular "mandate" was necessary for state protection of the rights of sexual minorities, and that continued criminalization of consensual sex under sections 56 and 57 of the Offences against the Person Act was justified because of "strong opposition" by citizens to repeal these laws.